What Does the Baby Danish Example Illustrate in the Article on Kitchen Russian and Baby Danish
Denmark
Orientation
Identification. The proper name of the land means "Borderlands of the Danes" in reference to a political unit created during the sixth through ninth centuries. This period was marked past a dull progression of sovereignty among the Danes, a people who originated in Skaane (today the southern role of Sweden) but eventually were based in Jutland. By the ninth century the Danes had gained mastery of the area known today every bit Denmark and maintained command until the belatedly medieval period, including parts of modern Sweden and Norway. In the late medieval period, Denmark was reduced in size to approximately the area of contemporary Kingdom of denmark.
Kingdom of denmark is a pocket-size nation whose cultural unity is mitigated by regional traditions of rural, urban, and island communities with distinctions based on local language, nutrient, and history. This state of affairs has sometimes created friction between local history and national history.
Denmark historically includes the old colonies Greenland and the Faroe Islands. Greenland gained home rule in 1979. In 1948, the Faroe Islands became a self-governing territory inside the Danish state.
Location and Geography. The kingdom of Denmark, which is situated in Scandinavia and northern Europe, is surrounded by the Northward Sea, Skagerrak, Kattegat, and the Baltic Sea. The country covers approximately xvi,634 square miles (43,095 square kilometers). Roughly eighty of its more than four hundred islands are inhabited. Jutland, Zealand, and Funen (Fyn) are the largest and most densely populated regions. In that location is a relative homogeneity in topography, with few areas at a high elevation. Since the sixteenth century, the capital has been Copenhagen, which is also the largest metropolis.
Demography. The kickoff census in 1769 counted a full of 797,584 people; by 1998, the full population was 5,294,860. Infant bloodshed, epidemics, war and emigration, better hygiene, food, and housing influenced population changes. The population increased from 2.five to 5.iii one thousand thousand during the twentieth century, showing an interdependency between turn down in population growth and industrialization, with the average number of children per adult female decreasing from 4 to 1.5. Free abortion and sterilization rights since 1973 acquired slower population growth, which in certain years was negative (1981 through 1984).
Immigration increased from 35,051 in 1988 to l,105 in 1997. Immigrants from other Scandinavian and northern European countries business relationship for most of the increases, but immigrants from southern Europe and the Center East are the most noticed in public debate.
Linguistic Affiliation. Danish belongs to the Germanic family language within the Indo-European languages. Linguistic relatives are English, German, Swedish, Norwegian, and Icelandic, all of which descend from the aboriginal Teutonic linguistic communication.
Danish is differentiated in individual, geographic, and social dialects. Linguistic communication varies in terms of pitch, tonality, intonation, and pronunciation. Some dialects are mutually unintelligible. "Standard Danish" is i dialect amidst many.
There is no secondary language, only several languages, including English language, High german, French, Castilian, and Russian, are taught in schools. Most Danes tin speak some English and German.
Many foreigners complain that Danish is difficult to learn because the same wording can take differing and even opposing meanings, depending on the intonation and context. As well, pronunciation does non necessarily follow spelling.
Symbolism. Markers of the national culture include the national flag (the Dannebrog), the national
Denmark
anthem, public holidays, and hymns, songs, and ballads. According to myth, the national flag descended from the sky to the Danish army during a battle in Republic of estonia in 1219 and was institutionalized as a national symbol in the seventeenth century. The flag—a horizontal white cantankerous on a cherry field— symbolizes a membership community and a sense of belonging, marker an extensive number of social events. Danes use the flag at festive occasions, including birthdays, weddings, sports events, political meetings, and public holidays. Hymns, songs, and ballads provide metaphors associated with Danish nationality, the mother tongue, schoolhouse, history, and homeland. The national anthem, "Der er et Yndigt Land" ("There Is a Lovely Country"), was written around 1820.
History and Ethnic Relations
Emergence of the Nation. Kingdom of denmark is a constitutional monarchy and the oldest kingdom in Europe. According to historical sources it dates back to the ninth century, but myth dates it as far back every bit the sixth century. The contempo history of the nation features an outward-looking people focused on trade, welfare, equality, and democracy, which in Danish means "people'south government" ( folkestyre ). Cardinal values include a striving for freedom and equality, accomplished afterwards battling for years with neighboring countries in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. After centuries of sovereign dominion past the king, the showtime mutual constitution was completed and signed in 1849, initiating a regime with an associates consisting of a lower house ( Folketing ) and upper house ( Landsting ). The making of a mutual constitution was an important element in the nineteenth century's political emphasis on the germination of nationhood.
National Identity. Beer, allocation gardens, the flag, the national canticle, republic, Christmas, folk high schools, personal well-being, and coziness are some of the elements of the national civilization, but questions of how the cultural heritage can survive and what it is emphasize the fact that Denmark is a nation of cultural borrowers. Danes constantly negotiate and alter their culture in response to contact with people and items from other countries. Nonetheless, for many people, the national identity lies in the Danish language.
Danes rarely refer to Danishness, a term used for the first time in 1836, just that term has been a hotly debated topic since the increase of immigration in the 1960s and Denmark's amalgamation with the European union (EU) in 1972. Much political and public debate on elements of nationality, sympathies, feeling, and patriotism occurred in the tardily twentieth century. Many Danes seem to have a strong national identification, although differences exist and a "Danish community" may be more than imagined than real in regard to culture and traditions.
Indigenous Relations. Kingdom of denmark once was considered an open up and welcoming country to foreigners, but tensions between native residents and immigrants arose during the terminal decades of the twentieth century, culminating in the establishment of political parties whose platforms chosen for the exclusion of inhabitants of foreign ethnicity from social services and other forms of public support. Immigrants of the second and 3rd generations tend to be doubly socialized, displaying competence in Danish values in public and in the native language at home.
Urbanism, Architecture, and the Use of Space
Within a bridge of one-hundred fifty years, Denmark changed from an agronomical to an industrialized society. In the belatedly nineteenth century, two-thirds of the population lived in rural areas and engaged in agriculture; today, but 15 per centum live in rural areas, and many of those people have city jobs.
Subsequently the "greenish wave" of the 1980s, many city dwellers moved to the countryside, hoping to render to nature. However, many returned to urban areas after years of unfulfilled dreams. The long winters; long commutes to piece of work, shopping, and amusement; and the prevalence of gossip in local rural cultures were unpleasant for people who were accustomed to city life.
In cities, people hope to escape the restraints of social command in rural communities and seek conveniences such as ameliorate shopping, entertainment, and chore opportunities. Migration to urban areas is common in the pursuit of instruction, and many immature people from the provinces remain in the cities afterwards graduation.
Architecture is marked by a division between the ideals of Denmark as a "fairy-tale state" and as a modern, industrialized 1. The first image is characterized past traditional pocket-sized houses with small windows, low ceilings, straw roofs, and gardens with flowers and vegetables. Fifty-fifty the castles are small and more "beautiful" than "grandiose." The modern ideal is marked by houses with slender lines and large drinking glass windows or walls, very piddling outside decoration, and the use of bricks, tile, and ferroconcrete. Common to both architectural traditions is the fact that there are very few tall buildings. Apart from a few buildings from the 1960s in the largest cities, it is unusual to encounter buildings with more than 5 floors. Family houses often have one floor, usually with a garden.
Towns and cities are characterized by a eye expanse with older houses (some several centuries old) and a periphery with newer houses, divided into business and residential areas. Village size is from five to 1 thousand houses, and many villages have been enlarged by new residential areas.
The authorities is situated in a royal castle built past Christian Iv in the seventeenth century in central Copenhagen, symbolizing a harmonious relationship between the regime and the regal family. The purple castle and the many statues of kings and politicians in the urban center support this symbolic harmony.
Even large cities such as Odense, shown hither, retain traditional architecture and streetscapes.
Anthropologists have noted a sharp distinction between public and individual space and a pronounced preference for the private and domestic sphere in Danish culture. In urban public space, people stand up close to i another in buses, subways, parks, and streets, simply pretend that they do not see each other. The symbolic demarcation of closed groups such as friends and spectators is clear, with a tendency to form closed circles. An intrusion by strangers often causes offense and creates an even stricter demarcation. In rural areas, people are more than likely to connect across public space, greeting and talking about the weather.
Individual houses unremarkably are divided into areas for cooking, dining, and television-viewing and preferably take a individual room for each family fellow member. Private homes are considered spaces to "relax" and "exist yourself"; many foreigners observe information technology hard to be invited to the home of a Dane. Usually only family members and shut friends have this privilege, experiencing the coziness of a social consequence celebrated past sitting downwardly, lighting candles, and eating and drinking. Colleagues, sympathetic foreigners, and more distant friends preferably are met only in public (workplace, bar, café, museum).
Food and Economic system
Food in Daily Life. Danes eat virtually of their meals at domicile and in private settings, although public dining places ranging from small hot dog stands to fancy restaurants are available and are used.
A breakfast of coffee, breadstuff, or cereal is eaten at home. Sunday breakfast commonly includes fresh bakery bread, boiled eggs, juice, tea or coffee, and the Sunday newspaper.
Dejeuner at a piece of work place, school, or institution is either homemade or available in kitchens or canteens, offering open sandwiches, hot meals, or a cafe table. Information technology likewise may be bought at butcher shops, cafes, and sandwich bars. Open sandwiches are traditional, consisting of rye bread with salami, liver pâté, herring, roast pork, fried plaice, cod roe, cheese, chocolate, or fruit. Dinner at habitation traditionally consisted of an appetizer, a main course, and dessert. Soup, porridge and fish dishes were served but today are rarely eaten on a daily basis. A main course is traditionally composed of boiled potatoes, boiled vegetables such every bit green beans and cauliflower, and fried meat such as meat balls, cutlets, or roast pork served with brownish gravy. Pizza, pasta, rice, chicken, and turkey take go common food items among young people. Imported fruit, vegetables, and spices are also mutual.
Inns oftentimes dating dorsum several centuries throughout the country offer traditional Danish food. Pizzerias are establish in small towns and cities. In larger cities, there are Chinese, Italian, and Greek restaurants, along with fast-food establishments from America, the Middle East, and South America and restaurants that serve Danish open sandwiches ( smørrebrød ) and pastry. Nutrient taboos include pet animals such equally cats, dogs, and horses. The ecological movement and informed consumers have been mutually dependent since the 1970s. The need for and product of organically grown foods have grown, and near supermarkets offering a range of organically grown vegetables, meat, and dairy products.
Food Customs at Ceremonial Occasions. Danes eat or drink at every social occasion, preferably traditional dishes, cakes, and drinks. However, the act of drinking and eating together is considered more important than what is actually consumed. Formal social occasions include birthdays, weddings, anniversaries, baptisms, confirmations, graduations, and funerals. Private parties held in community centers or restaurants are mutual. Hosts spend from one to six months' salary on a formal political party for hire, food, drinks, and musicians.
Holidays with special meals include New Year's Eve, Easter, Martin Mass, and Christmas. New Year's Eve traditionally is celebrated with boiled cod, Easter with elaborate lunches and roast lamb for dinner, and Martin Mass with roast goose. The traditional Christmas Eve dinner includes roast pork, roast duck, or goose stuffed with prunes, served with pickled red cabbage, white boiled potatoes, fried brown sugared potatoes, and thick brown gravy. Desserts include rice porridge and ris a la mande (rice porridge mixed with whipped foam, almonds, and vanilla and served with hot ruby-red sauce). At Christmas and Easter, special seasoned beers are sold. Christmas is historic by eating a traditional extravagant tiffin and dinner that bring the family together.
Bones Economy. Natural resources are limited to agricultural state, dirt, rock, chalk, lime, peat, and lignite. The economy is therefore heavily dependent on international trade. Farming accounts for two-thirds of the full state area, and agriculture produces enough edible products for three times the population. Industrial exports account for about 75 percentage of full exports, while the share of agronomical exports is nearly 15 percent.
Land Tenure and Belongings. Virtually farmers are freeholders, 91 percent of them on individually owned family unit-run farms, 7 per centum on visitor-run farms, and the rest on farms owned by the state, local regime, or foundations. Private family unit houses typically are fenced off to delineate private property, or an invisible line between the garden and the pavement may point the edge between private and public property. Neighbors discuss which parts outside their homes should be cleared for snow and which parts should be taken intendance of by municipal services.
Commercial Activities. The major goods produced include foods and beverages, textiles, paper, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, glass, ceramics, bricks, cement, concrete, marine engines, compressors, agriculture and forestry machinery, computers, electrical motors, radio and advice equipment, ships, boats, article of furniture, and toys. Agricultural products include beef, pork, poultry, milk, and eggs.
Major Industries. The main industries are nutrient processing, article of furniture, diesel engines, and electrical products. Major agricultural products include dairy products, pork, beef, and barley. Commercial fishing includes salmon, herring, cod, plaice, crustaceans and mollusks, mackerel, sprat, eel, lobster, shrimp, and prawns.
Trade. Major commodity groups sold on the international marketplace include animal products (cattle, beef and veal, pigs and pork, poultry, butter, cheese, and eggs), vegetable products (grains, seeds, fruit, flowers, plants, and vegetables), ships, fish, fur, fuel, lubricating goods, and electricity. The major industrial exports are machines and instruments, medicinal and pharmaceutical products, chemical items, industrially prepared agricultural products, fish, crayfish and mollusks, furniture, textiles, and wear. Imports, which lag slightly backside exports, include automobiles, fuel, consumer goods (food, clothing, electronics, and others), and goods to exist further processed at local industries. The major trading partners are Germany, Sweden, Britain, France, the Netherlands, the United States, Japan, and Italia.
Division of Labor. The division of labor is determined by gender, industry and socioeconomic status. Although agricultural products constitute a major proportion of exports, only four pct of the population is employed in agriculture, which has become highly industrialized and automobile-driven. Close to 25 percent of the population is employed in
Two-thirds of Denmark'southward land and nearly 25 percent of its population are devoted to agriculture.
trade, a similar number in industry, and more than 40 pct in other service.
Social Stratification
Classes and Castes. Most national surveys dealing with social strata do non separate the population into different income groups. Instead, the population is categorized into five social layers, co-ordinate to level of didactics and occupation.
Those social categories are academics, owners of large farms, and persons with more than fifty employees (four percentage); farmers with at to the lowest degree four employees, owners of companies with more than than six employees, and college-educated business owners (7 percent); farmers with a maximum of three employees, owners of pocket-size companies, and persons with jobs requiring expertise (21 percent); skilled workers, pocket-sized landowners, and workers with a professional person education (37 per centum); and workers without skills training (32 percentage).
In the adult population, there has been an increase in unemployed people who receive public support from 6 percent in 1960 to 25 percent today. Increasing demands for skills in reading, writing, mathematics, computers, and stress management are among the factors that have acquired this evolution. Unemployment rates are somewhat higher among indigenous minorities, with persons of Turkish descent having the highest rate.
Figures from 1996 show inequality in income distribution: Twenty percent of the lowest-income families deemed for 6 percent of total income, while twenty percent of the highest-income families deemed for xl percent of the income.
Symbols of Social Stratification. According to a code of morality (the "Jante Law") which was formulated by the writer Aksel Sandemose in his 1933 novel A Refugee Crosses His Tracks, a person should non brandish superiority materially or otherwise. Wealth and high social position are downplayed in public in regard to apparel, jewelry, and housing. The point is to be discreet nearly private distinction and avert public boasting while allowing one's wealth to exist recognized past persons in a similar economic position.
Political Life
Government. Denmark is a constitutional monarchy in which succession to the throne is hereditary and the ruling monarch must be a fellow member of the national church. The parliament has 179 members, including two from Greenland and two from the Faroe Islands. Members of parliament are elected for iv-year terms, but the land minister has the right to dissolve the parliament and strength an election. The voting age has been 18 since 1978. Since 1989, immigrants without Danish nationality have been allowed to vote and be elected in local elections. The minimum per centum of votes required for representation in the parliament is 2 percentage.
Leadership and Political Officials. The starting time political groupings appeared in 1848, shortly earlier the first constitution was promulgated, and consisted of liberals (farmers), the middle (intellectuals), and the right (landowners and college officials).
Party policy is based on political principles and working programs; the quondam include fundamental political ideas, while the programs are activity-oriented. Currently, 10 political parties are represented in the parliament, ranging from socialist to conservative to liberal. Representatives to parliament are elected in local areas and thus represent their home localities besides as a political political party.
Liberal parties traditionally strive for individual liberty, including freedom of thought, conventionalities, speech, expression, individual selection, and ownership, and attempt to strengthen the rights of the private denizen in relation to the state. Conservatives stress individual freedom, choice, and responsibleness and attempt to protect the national culture and tradition. Mod conservatism includes confidence in the individual, an open and critical outlook, tolerance, and a free market economy, combined with a commitment to social security. Social Democrats favor a welfare society based on freedom, equal opportunity, equality, nobility, solidarity, cultural liberty and diversity, ecology, and commonwealth. Socialist parties seek a guild based on political, social, and cultural diverseness; ecological sustainability; social security; equal opportunity; responsibility for the weak; private freedom; self-realization; active piece of work for peace and disarmament; and a commitment to stop global inequality. The Christian People'southward Party favors a democracy based on Christian ethical values, focused on individual freedom, social responsibility and security, the family, and medical ethics. For this political party, a Christian view of human nature forms the footing for equal homo value regardless of race, sex activity, age, abilities, culture, and religion.
Social Problems and Control. Executive power lies with the monarch, while legislative power is based in the parliament. In executive matters, the monarch exercises authority through government ministers. Judicial power lies with the courts of justice. The most mutual crimes are offenses against holding, offenses against special laws in some municipalities, crimes of violence, and sexual offenses.
The constabulary consists of approximately 10,000 officers, who work at constabulary stations located in local communities. Traditionally, Danish police have been known for their easy-going manner and "gentle" approach to difficult situations, relying more than on dialogue and advice than on animal force. After years of becoming more than centralized and distanced from the Danish people, there is at present a trend in policing that involves forming new, smaller constabulary stations in more than towns and cities. In this new surround, officers are moving out of their cars and walking the streets, gaining closer contact with the people.
In criminal cases, those over the age of 15 may exist punished by the courts. Those between 15 and 18 are held in special youth prisons that provide social preparation. Those in a higher place the age of xviii are imprisoned in one of the country'south 14 state prisons. Due to a lack of prison space, convicted criminals sometimes wait for upward to two years before they are actually imprisoned.
Military machine Activity. Since World War Two, Denmark has been a fellow member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and it participated in NATO'south actions in the Balkan crunch in the 1990s, particularly in Bosnia and Kosovo. Denmark likewise contributes to the United Nations peace forces in the Centre East and other areas. In 1993, the population voted not to join in the development of a common EU military force.
The military is staffed through a system of compulsory enrollment. The term of service, depending on one'southward duties, ranges from four to twelve months. Full mobilization in the defense forces involves 50-eight thousand soldiers, while in the absence of war the number is only fifteen thou. The defense forces include the navy, air force, dwelling guard, and national rescue corps. The defense budget in 1997 was under 2 percent of the gross national product.
Social Welfare and Modify Programs
All residents receive social support when they are unemployed, either through wedlock insurance or locally run programs. Idled workers receive compensation that is equal to slightly less than the everyman
Egeskov Castle is a well-preserved example of Renaissance architecture in Kingdom of denmark.
wages paid for regular, total-fourth dimension employment, and they are also guaranteed housing, nutrient, and other basic necessities. Subsequently vi months of unemployment, an individual meets with an officeholder from the local unemployment function to formulate a specific strategy for getting a new job. That strategy can include training, further education, or a government task that is supported by the local community in which the person lives.
Public and individual programs to assist disabled individuals are constitute in every major town and city. Food and shelter are always provided, and sometimes disabled persons are placed with a blazon of foster family.
Nongovernmental Organizations and Other Associations
Danes pursue common interests in leisure, sports, and politics. Associations are essentially nongovernmental, originating in the tardily nineteenth century, when farmers and workers formed involvement groups. Today Denmark has one of the highest proportions of clan membership in the world. More than than xc percent of the population belongs to an arrangement, and more than 73 percent of the people have multiple memberships in more three hundred g organizations.
Organizations and associations play iii important roles. First, they have been able to develop mutual interests and identities amidst different groups of people. Second, practical improvements in the grade of production, increases in salary, and membership discounts have been accomplished. Third, organizations participate in the political struggle for the distribution of values and goods in society.
Gender Roles and Statuses
Sectionalization of Labor by Gender. Denmark has the highest per centum of women in the labor marketplace in Europe, with close to eighty per centum of women being employed. Since the 1980s, the country has had a public policy of equality of men and women in regard to wages and working conditions, yet men are more than likely to go tiptop positions and in general earn higher wages than women. Persistent behavior associate women with the family unit and men with piece of work. These practices are enforced past employers who encourage single women and married men to pursue careers.
The Relative Status of Women and Men. Since 1924 in that location accept been women in the government, and the representation of women in politics has grown significantly. Today nine of 20 ministers are women. However, land ministers have ever been men. The Equal Status Quango was founded in 1974 and airtight in 2000, when a new equal status constabulary was issued.
Union, Family, and Kinship
Spousal relationship. Individuals are free to choose their matrimony partners. Many people cohabit at a young age. Polygyny and polyandry are not allowed, and it is forbidden to marry close family unit and kin members. Since the tardily 1980s, homosexuals have had the right to register their partnerships with the local city quango. People marry for dearest, but convenience and economic gains may be equally of import. Parents who are not married may wed to requite legal security to their children in case of sudden or accidental death.
Forty percent of the adult population is married, 45 percent is unmarried, vii percent is divorced, and 7 percent is widowed. Divorce typically involves separation followed by a legal procedure.
Domestic Unit. The ideal household unit consists of a married couple and their children who are below age xx. However, more than fifty percent of households take only one adult (unmarried, divorced with children, or widowed). Extended families living together are rare. Young people usually leave the parental home in their late teens. Previously children stayed in the same town or municipality every bit their parents, but today families are dispersed across the country. Some people choose to live in shared houses on the basis of similarities in age or ideology or for practical purposes such every bit ecological farming. A number of collective forms of housing for the elderly have emerged.
Inheritance. For many centuries, men and women have had equal inheritance rights. If one member of a couple dies, the other partner inherits all the possessions of the deceased. If both partners die, their children inherit equal shares of their possessions. In that location are also special circumstances such as wills, separate estates, joint holding, and divided or undivided possession of an estate.
Traditionally, the oldest son inherited the farm or the position as head of the family company subsequently the death of the father. Still, the son in this case has to compensate his female parent and siblings economically. This tradition extends to the royal family, where the title of king traditionally has been passed from father to oldest son. Because King Frederik Nine had no sons, the constitution was changed in 1953 to make information technology legal for his oldest daughter to inherit the throne.
Kin Groups. Family relations are traced dorsum equally both matrilineally and patrilineally, and active kin groups often extend to the great-grandparents. Rural residents often hold "cousin-parties" ( fætter-kusine-fester ) that are attended by upwardly to 90 people.
Socialization
Infant Intendance. Three to half-dozen months of maternal leave is a legal right, merely the mother may share the final three months of that leave with the male parent. Infants generally are breast-fed until the end of the menses of maternal leave. Traditionally, the mother was the chief caregiver, merely recently the father and other family unit members accept been recognized every bit as important in raising infants. Considering Kingdom of denmark has one of the highest rates of women in the labor market place, most infants higher up six months of age spend the female parent's working hours in public nurseries or private kid intendance.
Some Danes, such every bit these hunters about Alborg, enjoy outdoor leisure activities.
Infant intendance has been much debated, resulting in peachy variations in regard to ideas about how much an infant should exist carried around, whether it should sleep solitary or with the parents, whether parents should attend to a babe every time it cries, and how to manage infants who cry during the nighttime. The overall tendency is that younger parents recognize the private rights and needs of an infant more than older people do.
Child Rearing and Pedagogy. Most children enter kindergarten at age three, and many go on school attendance until their early teens. In 1997, more than than lxxx percent of three- to half dozen-year-olds attended some kind of mean solar day intendance establishment. The pedagogy practiced in nursery schools, kindergartens, and afterward-school centers is non research-based simply is informed past changing ideologies of what children are like and what they need. An ideology of "cocky-management" is practiced in many institutions, leaving it upwards to the children to make up one's mind what they desire to do and how, where, and when to practice it.
In the ideal family, the mother and begetter share authority, including their children in decision making. In pedagogical circles, the term "negotiation-families" is used to illustrate this situation. Nearly children are materially well taken intendance of, with nourishing nutrient, regular supplies of new clothes and toys, and a private room in the family unit house. Some people argue that working parents compensate for their absence by giving their children toys, videos, and computers.
Higher Teaching. In that location are five universities: the University of Copenhagen, the Academy of Southern Denmark, the University of Aarhus, Aalborg University, and Roskilde University Heart. In 1996, 167,764 students were enrolled in those institutions: 93,544 women and 74,220 men. All children in Denmark are obligated to consummate nine years of school, either at private or public institutions. Later on they have fulfilled that requirement, 50 pct of the students choose a merchandise by entering vocational training, which includes an apprenticeship and formal schooling. Thirty percent select a ane- to three-yr college training program, which prepares them for didactics, nursing, or other professional person occupations. The remaining 20 percent enter university. Most two-thirds of graduating students employ for university, just the majority are non admitted; those who are turned down either reapply the side by side twelvemonth or select one of the vocational or college options. Admission has become increasingly competitive, based on form point averages. All higher pedagogy is costless of charge.
Crowds of tourists and Copenhagen residents mingle along the Stroget, a mile-long pedestrian street along the harbor.
Etiquette
Privacy is a primary value in Danish etiquette. One is not supposed to invite oneself into another person'southward firm or look into other people'southward state, holding, and salary. Danes show few emotions publicly, as the open expression of feelings is considered a sign of weakness. Unless provoked, Danes avoid getting into an argument, and they dislike being interrupted during a conversation.
Informality is considered a virtue. However, informality in social interaction makes it difficult to enter new social circles. At dinner parties, meetings, and conferences, in that location are no formal introductions, leaving it up to people to initiate interaction.
Organized religion
Religious Beliefs. Religious freedom is consonant with international standards on the right to freedom of faith. Eighty-half dozen percentage of the population belongs to the Evangelical Lutheran Church building, which has for centuries been supported past the state and is considered the national church building. Numerous other Christian communities exist, including the Catholic Church, the Danish Baptist Church, and the Pentecostal Motion. Other world religions represented in the country are Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, the Baha'i religion, and Sikhism. Recently, religious groups jubilant old Viking gods have emerged.
Religious Practitioners. The bulk organized religion is Christianity, and at birth all Danes are considered to belong to the national church, with an obligation to pay church taxes equally part of the income revenue enhancement.
Since the fifteenth century priests accept been educated in a academy, and ministers in the national church are officials nether the Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs. The official duties of religious leaders include performing church ceremonies for local members of the national church and keeping a register of births, marriages, and deaths. Many religious practitioners participate in worldly affairs equally social workers or abet for the underprivileged in public debates.
Rituals and Holy Places. Churches are situated within and outside villages, towns, and cities and are surrounded by churchyards with cemeteries. In a Lutheran service, there is a government minister, a cantor, a servant, and an organist. Members nourish ritual events such as baptisms, confirmations, wedding ceremonies, and funerals and major religious events such as Christmas and Easter. Simply a minority of people attend services regularly, and on weekdays churches are nigh empty.
Death and the Afterlife. Danes are not keen believers in God; therefore, practices concerning expiry, the deceased, funerals, and the afterlife are handled in a rational and practical mode.
Dead persons are buried in coffins on the grounds of a church building or are cremated and have their ashes cached in the graveyard. Graves are decorated with a gravestone with the deceased's name, dates, and greetings and are surrounded by greenery and flowers. Afterwards twenty years the grave is neglected unless family members pay for its care. Generally, religious practitioners are bachelor to support the surviving relatives and talk about life, expiry, and the afterlife. Neoreligious communities have emerged in which people are guided to the other side to communicate with deceased family members and kin.
Medicine and Health Care
Since 1973, a tax-financed wellness care arrangement has provided gratuitous admission to health care throughout the life bridge within a national system. Treatment for inclusion in this system must adhere to theories and practices based on the sciences of medicine and psychology utilized past organized practitioners trained at accredited colleges and universities.
Most children are built-in in hospitals. Health visitors give families support for infant intendance and development. All children are offered an extensive vaccination program and medical examinations on a regular basis (at least one time a year) until they leave schoolhouse.
Fee-for-service wellness care is available from alternative practitioners and private hospitals. Alternative medicines such every bit homeopathy, reflexology, acupuncture, massage, nutrition therapy, and healing have been pop since the 1960s. Culling explanatory models adhere to notions of holism and free energy as important factors in illness and healing, aiming at indirect disease elimination. Alternative medicines have been well received by the population, with 20 pct of the population seeking culling treatments in the 1980s and more thirty percent in the 1990s.
In the 1990s, a number of private hospitals offering orthodox medical services and staffed with medical doctors, nurses, and other biomedical professions were established. Express resources for national wellness intendance that caused long waiting lists led to the establishment of private hospitals offering treatments such as hip surgery and featherbed operations.
Medical professionals increasingly stress the individual's responsibleness for health through changes in lifestyle and personal habits. Smoking, alcohol corruption, poor dietary patterns, and lack of physical exercise are considered the main causes of disease. In surveys of lay perceptions of wellness and affliction, the focus has been on notions of the importance of varied eating patterns, fresh air, regular exercise, a positive mood, and good social relations.
Secular Celebrations
Amid the traditional secular celebrations is "Shrovetide" ( fastelavn ), which is held in Feb and features children dressed in fancy costumes going from house to house singing songs and begging for money, candy, or even buns. The "1st of May Celebrations" were originally intended to celebrate the formation of workers' unions, but they have evolved into public parties with demonstrations, speeches, music, and drinking. "Saint Hans" is a midsummer celebration held on June 23 that features singing, speeches, and a traditional bonfire at which a doll symbolizing a witch is burned. Besides these national celebrations, farmers and other rural residents regularly hold harvest parties in Baronial and September to celebrate crops that have been brought in from the fields.
The Arts and Humanities
Support for the Arts. Artists may join a matrimony from which they receive insurance against unemployment. In this system of employment security, artists must produce input in the course of work, and many artists take menial jobs to maintain their union status. During their training, artists may receive subsidies through the Country Education Grant and Loan scheme. A few artists are awarded a civil listing pension on the ground of merit and talent. A few excellent artists are fully self-supporting.
Literature. Danish literature was initiated past the historian Saxo Grammaticus, who wrote about Danish history upward to the end of the twelfth century, including Scandinavian mythology, with its traditional stories of gods and legendary heroes. Since that time, Denmark has had a long history of poetry and literature, with Hans Christian Andersen and Karen Blixen (Isak Dinesen) beingness amidst the most famous writers.
Graphic Arts. In that location is an extended culture of painting, sculpture, textiles, and pottery. Those subjects are role of the school curriculum and are taught in leisure fourth dimension courses. Many of the islands are known for their artifacts. Bornholm produces pottery, sculpture, and glass. Artifacts are exhibited at museums and art exhibitions attended by schoolhouse children, university students, and tourists. Professional artists known outside Denmark include the sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen (1770–1844) and the gimmicky painter Per Kirkeby.
Performance Arts. Music and trip the light fantastic from Europe have been dominant, just genres from Africa and Southward America have go popular. The Majestic Danish Music Conservatory was founded in 1867, and the Rhythmic Music Conservatory was founded in 1986. Conservatories are for those with special talents and ambitions, while many other schools are open to a wider range of people. Danish cinema has been awarded many international prizes.
The State of the Physical and Social Sciences
University life dates back to the fifteenth century, with theology, medicine, and law as the first areas of report. The terminal caste was for centuries the magistergraden , which was between a primary's and a doctoral degree. Recently this degree has been replaced by the kandidatgraden , which is equivalent to a master's caste. Theology was the first social science degree awarded. Major social sciences today are economics, political science, anthropology, and sociology.
The physical sciences are well established. The Technical University of Denmark was founded in 1829 and today is a leading international institution, training construction, chemic, computer, and mechanical engineers. However, young Danes tend to choose humanistic or social scientific discipline studies over the natural sciences.
Universities are public and are run past the country, as are the Ministry of Research and a number of research councils that fund basic and applied research. Much technical research is practical, supported past public and individual authorities, and much natural science research is funded past private companies and foundations. The Danish Technological Plant and the Academy for Technical Sciences are important in technology and information services.
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Web Sites
Danish National Encyclopedia, Danmarks Nationalleksikon: http://www.dnl.dk
Denmark, a publication by The Imperial Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: http://www.um.dk/english language/danmark/danmarksbog
Ministry of Culture, Kulturministeriet: http://www.kulturministeriet.dk
Ministry of the Interior, Indenrigsministeriet: http://www.im.dk
Ministry of Social Diplomacy, Socialministeriet: http://world wide web.socialministeriet.dk
Ministry of Trade and Industry, Erhvervsministeriet: http://www.em.dk/english/frame.htm
Women in Government: http://hjem.get2net.dk/Womeningovernments/Denmark.htm
—Eastward RLING H ØG AND H ELLE J OHANNESSEN
Too read article nearly Denmark from Wikipedia
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